ON THE QUESTION OF THE STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH OF THE PROBLEM OF THE ANTI-JEWISH POGROM MOVEMENT ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE IN 1917–1921.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35774/gsip2021.01.044Keywords:
the Jewish minority, antisemitism, pogroms, victims, punishmentAbstract
The state of the research of the problem of Jewish massacre on the territory of Ukraine during the National Liberation Struggle of 1917–1921 is analyzed. This issue is extremely difficult to study because it is caused by a set of historical stereotypes, socio-economic contradictions and antagonisms. That is why it must be considered in the context of difficult objective circumstances that developed in one of the most critical periods of Ukrainian history.
The aim of the article is to analyze and systematize the historiography of the problem of the anti-Jewish pogrom movement on the territory of Ukraine in 1917–1921. It is necessary to study the scientific works deal with the causes and preconditions of the Jewish massacres in Ukraine, their consequences and forces involved in the massacre movement, the main rule-making and institutional measures taken by government agencies to ensure the right to life. Analysis of the source base of the study showed a growing interest of scientists in studying the outlined problem. It is represented by a significant number of works, mostly articles, which to a greater or lesser extent reveal a number of aspects of this complex phenomenon.
The attitude of the Ukrainian authorities to the Jewish massacres was negative. Thay made attempts to fight this evil by all available means, in particular by providing rule-making and institutional support for the problem, the use of military force and the introduction of various punishments, including the death penalty, for rioters, providing material assistance to victims, and so on. The effectiveness of such actions, although determined by the difficult conditions of wartime and anarchy, still provided positive results.
The main conclusion of the analysis of the outlined tragic events is the realization that all national conflicts that arise between peoples, their groups or individuals must be resolved through negotiations and mutual compromises. Taking to concideration to this, only the formation of an effective concept of state ethnopolitics will ensure a harmonious combination of the interests of the titular nation and the non-ethnic population.
Prospects for further research of the problem of the anti-Jewish massacre
movement in Ukraine in 1917–1921 are that they should be analyzed from the point of view of today. After all, both then and now Russia seeks to influence Ukraine in various ways, using large-scale misinformation, outright lies, falsification of facts, and defamation of Ukrainian statehood before the world.
References
Bryk O. Ukrainsko-yevreiski vzaiemovidnosyny [Ukrainian-Jewish relations]. Vinnipeg: Nakladomavtora, 1961. 383 s. (In Ukrainian).
Budnickij O. V chuzhom piru poxmel’e (Evrei i russkaya revolyuciya) [Hangover in a foreign world (Jews and the Russian revolution)]. Vestnik Evrejskogo universiteta v Moskve. 1996. No 3. URL: http:// www.jewish-heritage.org/ve13a2r.htm (дата обращения: 25.03.2021). (In Russian).
Vedenieiev D. Vbyty y zghanbyty. Zahybel Symona Petliury: obstavyny ta zahadky [Kill and disgrace. The death of Simon Petliura: circumstances and mysteries]. 2011. URL: our-clio.blogspot.com/2011/.../blog-post_12.html. (In Ukrainian).
Haukhman M. V. Rosiiska natsionalna polityka shchodo yevreiskoho pytannia v Pravoberezhnii Ukraini (1905–1914 rr.) [Russian National Policy on the Jewish Questionin Right-Bank Ukraine (1905–1914)]. Visnyk Luhanskoho natsionalnoho universytetuim. T. Shevchenka. 2010. No 19. S. 164–175. (In Ukrainian).
Gol’denvejzer A. A. Iz kievskix vospominanij (1917–1921 gg.) [From Kiev memoirs (1917–1921)]. Arxiv Russkoj revolyucii. Berlin, 1991. T. 6. S. 161–303. (In Russian).
Hrynevych V., Hrynevych L. Natsionalne viiskove pytannia v diialnosti soiuzu yevreiv-voiniv KVO (lypen 1917 – sichen 1918 rr.) [National Food in the Union of Jewish Warriors KVO (July 1917 – July 1918)]. Kyiv, 2001. 150 s. (In Ukrainian).
Hrytsak Ya. «Vminnia vidriznyty yudofobiiu vid antysemityzmu daie nam kliuch do rozuminnia ukrainskoi spetsyfiky» [«The ability to distinguish Judaophobia from anti-Semitism gives us the key to understanding Ukrainian specifics»] / I. Khruslinska. Ukrainskyi zhurnal. 2009. No 10. S. 32–33. (In Ukrainian).
Hunchak T. Symon Petliura ta yevrei [Simon Petliura and the Jews]. Kyiv: Lybid, 1993. 48 s. (In Ukrainian).
Gusev-Orenburgskij S. I. Bagrovaya kniga: pogromy 1919–1920 gg. Na Ukraine [The Crimson Book: the pogroms of 1919–1920. In Ukraine]. N’yu-Jork: Ladoga, 1983. 252 s. (In Russian).
Goldelman S. I. Zhydivska natsionalna avtonomiia v Ukraini 1917–1920 [Jewish national autonomy in Ukraine 1917–1920]. Miunkhen; Paryzh; Yerusalym: Dniprovakhvylia, 1967. 138 s. (In Ukrainian).
D. P. Pogromy v Rossіi [Pogroms in Russia]. Evrejskaya e’nciklopediya Brokgauza i Efrona: v 16 t. Sankt-Peterburg: Izd-vo F. A. Brokgauz i I. A. Efron, 1912. T. 12. S. 611–622. (In Russian).
Dzhonson P. Populyarnaya istoriya evreev [Popular history of the Jews] / per. s angl. I. L. Zotova. Moskva: Veche, 2000. 672 s. (In Russian).
Dyrektoriia, Rada Narodnykh Ministriv Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky. Lystopad 1918 – lystopad 1920 rr. Dokumenty i materialy [Directory, Council of People’s Ministers of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. November 1918 – November 1920. Documents and materials]: u 2 t., 3 ch. / redkol.: V. Verstiuk (vidp. red.) tain.; uporiad.: V. Verstiuk (kerivn.) tain.; In-t ist. Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy; Tsentr. derzh. arkhivvyshch. orhanivvlady i upr. Ukrainy; Doslid. in-t suchas. ukr. istorii (Filadelfiia). T. 1 Kyiv: Vyd-voim. O. Telihy, 2006. 687 s. (In Ukrainian).
Dyrektoriia, Rada Narodnykh Ministriv Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky. Lystopad 1918 – lystopad 1920 rr. Dokumenty i materialy [Directory, Council of People’s Ministers of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. November 1918 – November 1920. Documents and materials]: u 2 t., 3 ch. / redkol.: V. Verstiuk (vidp. red.) tain.; uporiad.: V. Verstiuk (kerivn.) tain.; In-t ist. Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy; Tsentr. derzh. arkhivvyshch. orhanivvlady i upr. Ukrainy; Doslid. in-t suchas. ukr. istorii (Filadelfiia). T. 2 K.: Vyd-voim. O. Telihy, 2006. 743 s. (In Ukrainian).
Yekelchyk S. Trahichna storinka ukrainskoi revoliutsii: Symon Petliura ta yevreiski pohromy v Ukraini (1917–1920) [The Tragic Page of the Ukrainian Revolution: Simon Petliura and the Jewish Pogroms in Ukraine (1917–1920)]. Symon Petliura ta ukrainska natsionalna revoliutsiia: zb. Prats Druhoho konkursu petliuroznavtsiv Ukrainy / uporiad. ta peredm. V. Mykhalchuka. Kyiv: Rada, 1995. S. 165–217. (In Ukrainian).
Ivanys V. Symon Petliura – Prezydent Ukrainy: 1879–1926 [Simon Petliura – President of Ukraine: 1879–1926]. Toronto: Nakladom «5-yi stanytsi Soiuzu buvshykh ukr. voiakiv», 1952. S. 134–214. (In Ukrainian).
Kagan V. Svidetel’stva sozercatelya [Contemplator’stestimonies]. Kontinent. 1983. No 36. S. 370–375. URL: http://www.machanaim.co.il/surround/vkagan/art1.html (дата обращения: 25.03.2021). (In Russian).
Kac A. Evrei. Xristianstvo. Rossiya: ot prorokov do gensekov [Jews. Christianity. Russia: from prophets to general secretaries]. Moskva: ABU, AST, 2006. URL: http://loveread.ec/contents.php?id=74572 (дата обращения: 25.03.2021). (In Russian).
Kedrovskyi V. Khtos prychynyv Proskurivskyi pohrom [Who caused the Proskuriv pogrom]. Za derzhavnist: materialy do istorii Viiska Ukrainskoho. Toronto, 1966. Zb. 11. S. 199–203. (In Ukrainian).
Kniga pogromov: pogromy na Ukraine, v Belorussii i evropejskoj chasti Rossii v period Grazhdanskoj vojny. 1918–1922 gg.: sb. dok. [Book of pogroms: pogroms in Ukraine, Belarus and the European part of Russia during the Civil War. 1918–1922: Sat. doc.] / otv. red. L. B. Milyakova; otv. sost.: Zyuzina I. A. i dr. Moskva : ROSSPE’N, 2007. 1032 s. (In Russian).
Kogan S. Evrei v Zapadno-Ukrainskoj Narodnoj Respublike [Jews in the West Ukrainian People’s Republic]. Ukraїna: kul’turna spadshhina, nacіonal’na svіdomіst’, derzhavnіst’. 2009. Vip. 18. S. 190–198. (In Russian).
Kozerod O. Bilyi rukh i yevrei [White movement and Jews]. 1999–2005. URL: http://holocaust-ukraine.net/ru/razdel_iii.htm (дата звернення: 25.03.2021). (In Ukrainian).
Kon N. Blagoslovenie na genocid [Blessing for genocide]. Karta. 2000. No 28–29. S. 89–95. (In Russian).
Kostyrchenko G. V. Tajnaya politika Stalina: vlast’ i antisemitizm [Stalin’s Secret Politics: Power and Anti-Semitism]. Moskva: Mezhdunar. otnosheniya, 2003. 784 s. (In Russian).
Krasnyj P. Tragediya ukrainskogo evrejstva: k processu Shvarcbarda [The tragedy of Ukrainian Jewry: towards the Schwarzbardtrial]. Xar’kov: Gos. izd-voUkrainy, 1928. 71 s. (In Russian).
Kulchytskyi S. V. Antysemityzm v Ukraini [Anti-Semitism in Ukraine]. Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: u 10 t. / redkol.: V. A. Smolii (holova) tain.; NAN Ukrainy; In-t ist. Ukrainy. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka, 2003. T. 1: A – V. S. 96–97. (In Ukrainian).
Kulchytskyi Yu. Symon Petliura i pohromy [Simon Petliura and pogroms]. Symon Petliura: zb. studiino-nauk. konf. v Paryzhi (trav. 1976): statti, zamitky, materiialy / zared. V. Kosyka. Miunkhen; Paryzh: Ukr. vilnyiun-t, 1980. S. 137–159. (B-kaim. S. Petliury. Seriia: Monohrafii. Ch. 32). (In Ukrainian).
Lazarovych M. V. Etnopolityka ukrainskoi vlady doby Natsionalno-vyzvolnykh zmahan 1917–1921 rokiv: komparatyvnyi analiz: monohr. [Ethnopolitics of the Ukrainian government of the National Liberation War of 1917–1921: comparative analysis: monograph]. Ternopil: TNEU, 2013. 760 s. (In Ukrainian).
Lazarovych M. Polityka ukrainskykh uriadiv periodu Natsionalno-vyzvolnykh zmahan 1917–1921 rokiv u sferi mizhetnichnykh vidnosyn: porivnialnyi analiz [The policy of Ukrainian governments during the National Liberation War of 1917–1921 in the field of interethnic relations: a comparative analysis]: u 2-kh kn. Kn. 1: monohrafiia. International Book Market Service Ltd «GlobeEdit», 2019. 688 s. (In Ukrainian).
Lazarovych M. Polityka ukrainskykh uriadiv periodu Natsionalno-vyzvolnykh zmahan 1917–1921 rokiv u sferi mizhetnichnykh vidnosyn: porivnialnyi analiz [The policy of Ukrainian governments during the National Liberation War of 1917–1921 in the field of interethnic relations: a comparative analysis]: u 2-kh kn. Kn. 2: dokumenty i materialy. International Book Market Service Ltd «Globe Edit», 2019. 176 s. (In Ukrainian).
Lytvyn S. S udistorii: Symon Petliura i petliuriana [Court of History: Simon Petliura and Petliurian]. Kyiv: Vyd-voim. O. Telihy, 2001. 640 s. (In Ukrainian).
Mazepa I. Tvorena derzhava. (Borotba 1919 roku) [A created state. (The Struggle of 1919)]. Zbirnyk pamiaty Symona Petliury (1879–1926). Kyiv: MP Feniks, 1992. S. 16–75. (In Ukrainian).
Mazepa I. Ukraina v ohni y buri revoliutsii 1917–1921 [Ukraine in the fire and storm of the revolution of 1917–1921] / avt. peredm. takoment. V. Yablonskyi. Kyiv: Tempora, 2003. 608 s.: il. (In Ukrainian).
Margolin A. Ukraina i politika Antanty (Zapiski evreya i grazhdanina) [Ukraine and the Politics of the Entente (Notes of a Jew and a Citizen)]. Berlin: «Izd-vo S. E’fron», 1922. 397 s. (In Russian).
Mindlin A. Pleve i evrei [Plehve and the Jews]. Paralleli. 2002. No 1. URL: http://amindlin.narod.ru/ (дата обращения: 25.03.2021) (In Russian).
Mykhalchuk V. Vbyvstvo S. Petliury [The murder of S. Petliura]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal. 1997. No 2. S. 111–125. (In Ukrainian).
Ostrovskij Z. S. Evrejskie pogromy 1918–1921 [Jewish pogroms 1918–1921]. Moskva: Shkola i Kn., 1926. 135 s. (In Russian).
Pohrebynska I. Pohromy v Polshchi, Halychyni ta ukrainske yevreistvo [Pogroms in Poland, Galicia and Ukrainian Jewry]. Naukovi zapysky Instytutu politychnykh i etnonatsionalnykh doslidzhen im I. F. Kurasa NAN Ukrainy. 2000. Vyp. 10. S. 167–179. (Seriia: Politolohiia i etnolohiia). (In Ukrainian).
Poletika N. Vospominaniya [Memories]. 1982. URL: http://lib.ru/memuary/poletika/wospominaiya.txt (дата обращения: 25.03.2021). (In Russian).
Prisyazhnyj N. S. Pervaya Konnaya armiya na pol’skom fronte v 1920 godu [First Cavalry Army on the Polish Front in 1920]. Rostov-na-Donu: Izd-voRostovskogoun-ta, 1992. 64 s. (In Russian).
Prokhoda V. Vozhd ta viisko [Leader and army]. Zbirnyk pamiaty Symona Petliury (1879–1926).Kyiv: Feniks, 1992. S. 109–148. (In Ukrainian).
R. M. Zhydy [Jews]. Entsyklopediia ukrainoznavstva: slovnykova chastyna: v 10 t. / holov. red. V. Kubiiovych; Nauk. t-voim. T. Shevchenka. [Reprynt. vidtvorenniavyd. 1955–1984 rr.]. Paryzh; Niu-York; Lviv: NTSh, 1993. T. 2. S. 670–680 (In Ukrainian).
Radevych-Vynnytskyi Ya. Do istorii ukrainsko-yevreiskykh vidnosyn (zghadky pro yevreisku doliu u «Kryvavii Knyzi» ekzylnoho uriadu ZUNR) [To the history of Ukrainian-Jewish relations (mentions of the Jewish fate in the «Bloody Book» of the exile government of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic)]. Yevreiska istoriia i kultura v Ukraini: materialy konf. (Kyiv, 8–9 hrudnia 1994 r.). URL: http://www.jewish-heritage.org/eu94a45r.htm (дата звернення: 25.03.2021) (In Ukrainian).
Rais E. Nespravedlyvi obvynuvachennia [Unfair accusations]. Symon Petliura: zb. studiino-nauk. konf. v Paryzhi (trav. 1976): statti, zamitky, materiialy / za red. V. Kosyka. Miunkhen; Paryzh: Ukr. vilnyiun-t, 1980. S. 107–108. (B-kaim. S. Petliury. Seriia: Monohrafii. Ch. 32) (In Ukrainian).
Riabchuk M. Spokuta metafizychnykh provyn [Atonement for metaphysical iniquities]. Kovalchyk A. Pan Petliura? B. m.: Akta, 2011. S. 5–23 (In Ukrainian).
Savchenko V. Avantyuristy grazhdanskoj vojny: istoricheskoe rassledovanie [Civil War Adventurers: A Historical Investigation]. Xar’kov: Folio, 2000. 368 s. (In Russian).
Serhiichuk V. Symon Petliura i yevreistvo [Simon Petliura and Judaism]. Vyd. 2-e, dopov. Kyiv: PP Serhiichuk M. I., 2006. 152 s. (In Ukrainian).
Soldatenko V. F. Yevreiski pohromy v UNR 1919 r.: mirkuvannia z pryvodu deiakykh istoriohrafichnykh tendentsii [Jewish pogroms in the Ukrainian People’s Republicin 1919: reflections on some historiographical tendencies]. Gileia. 2007. Vyp. 10. S. 4–18; 2008. Vyp. 11. S. 4–19; Vyp. 12. S. 4–14. (In Ukrainian).
Stakhiv M. Zakhody uriadu i providnykh syl Ukrainy proty pohromnytstva [Measures of the government and leading forces of Ukraine against pogroms]. Pravnychyi visnyk. 1970–1971. Kn. 3. S. 30–43. (In Ukrainian).
Tabachnyk D. Vbyvstvo Symona Petliury [The murder of Simon Petliura]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal. 1992. No 7/8. S. 112–123; No 9. S. 122–128. (In Ukrainian).
Tarasyuk D. Bez viny vinovatye (Evrejskie pogromy v gody Grazhdanskoj vojny v Rossii) [Guilty without guilt (Jewish pogroms during the Civil War in Russia)]. Karta. 2000. No 28–29. S. 86–88. (In Russian).
Tragediia dvokh narodiv: materiialy do sporu mizh ukrainskoiu ta rosiiskoiu sots.-dem. partiiamy z pryvodu ubiistva S. Petliury [The tragedy of two peoples: materials for the dispute between the Ukrainian and Russian social democrats. Partieson the murder of S. Petliura]. Praha; Kyiv: Vyd. Zakordonnoi deliegatsii USDRP, 1928. 86 s. (In Ukrainian).
Ukrainska Derzhava (kviten – hruden 1918 roku). Dokumenty i materialy [Ukrainian State (April – December 1918). Documents and materials]: u 2-kh t. / uporiad.: R. Pyrih (kerivn.) tain. T. 1. Kyiv: Tempora, 2015. KhVIII + 790 s. (In Ukrainian).
Ukrainska Derzhava (kviten – hruden 1918 roku). Dokumenty i materialy [Ukrainian State (April – December 1918). Documents and materials]: u 2-kh t. / uporiad.: R. Pyrih (kerivn.) tain. T. 2. Kyiv: Tempora, 2015. KhKh + 412 s. (In Ukrainian).
Ukrainska Tsentralna Rada: dok. i mater. [Ukrainian Central Rada: doc. andmater.]: u 2 t. / redkol.: V. Smolii (vidp. red.) tain.; uporiad.: V. F. Verstiuk (kerivn.) tain.; NAN Ukrainy. In-t ist. Ukrainy; Tsentr. derzh. arkhivvyshch. orhanivvlady i upr. Ukrainy. T. 1: 4 bereznia – 9 hrudnia 1917 r. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka, 1996. 588 s. (In Ukrainian).
Ukrainska Tsentralna Rada: dok. i mater. [Ukrainian Central Rada: doc. And mater.]: u 2 t. / redkol.: V. Smolii (vidp. red.) tain.; uporiad.: V. F. Verstiuk (kerivn.) tain.; NAN Ukrainy. In-t ist. Ukrainy; Tsentr. derzh. arkhivvyshch. orhanivvlady i upr. Ukrainy. T. 2: 10 hrudnia 1917 r. – 29 kvitnia 1918 r. Kyiv: Nauk. dumka, 1997. 424 s. (In Ukrainian).
Ukrainsky i natsionalno-vyzvolnyi rukh. Berezen – lystopad 1917 roku. Dokumenty i materialy [Ukrainian national liberation movement. March – November 1917. Documents and materials] / redkol.: V. Verstiuk (vidp. red.) tain.; uporiad.: V. Verstiuk (kerivn.) tain.; In-t ist. Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy; Tsentr. derzh. arkhivvyshch. orhanivvlady i upr. Ukrainy; Doslid. in-t suchas. ukr. istorii (Filadelfiia). Kyiv: Vyd-voim. O. Telihy, 2003. 1024 s. (In Ukrainian).
Finkel’shtejn Yu. Zagadka Simona Petlyury ili paradoks antisemitizma [The riddle of Simon Petliura or the paradox of anti-Semitism]. Novoe russkoe slovo. 1995. 1 dekab. (In Russian).
Frankel’Dzh. Rossijskaya imperiya i Sovetskij Soyuz [Russian Empire and Soviet Union]. Barnavi E’., Fridlender S. Evrei i XX vek: analit. slovar’ / per. s fr. T. A. Baskakovoj i dr.; podobshh. red. T. A. Baskakovoj. Moskva: Tekst; Lexaim, 2004. S. 504–529 (In Russian).
Xiterer V. Evrejskie pogromy na Ukraine v oktyabre 1905 g. [Jewish pogroms in Ukraine in October 1905]. Vrata Siona. 2008. 26 iyunya. URL: http://www.jewish-heritage.org/prep52.htm (дата обращения: 25.03.2021) (In Russian).
Khiterer V. Pohromy, vchyneni chastynamy rosiiskoi armii v Halychyni [Pogroms committed by units of the Russian army in Galicia]. «I»: nezalezhnyi kulturolohichnyi chasopys. 2014. Ch. 75. URL: http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n75_texts/Pogromy_ros_armii_v_Halychyni.htm (дата звернення: 25.03.2021) (In Ukrainian).
Khrystiuk P. Zamitky i materiialy do istorii ukrainskoi revoliutsii 1917–1920 rr. [Notes and materials on the history of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1920]: u 4 t. T. IV. [Fototyp. Peredruk dlia studiii zvyd. 1921 r.]. Niu-York: Vyd-vo Chartoryiskykh, 1969. 192 s. (Ukrainska revoliutsiia. Rozvidky i materiialy. Kn. chetverta). (In Ukrainian).
Cherikover I. Antisemitizm i pogromyna Ukraine 1917–1918 gg.: k istorii ukrainsko-evrejskix otnoshenij. [Anti-Semitism and Pogroms in Ukraine in 1917–1918: Towards the History of Ukrainian-Jewish Relations] / vstup. st. S. M. Dubnova. Berlin: Ostjudisches historisches archiv, 1923. 335 s. (In Russian).
Shextman I. B. Pogromy Dobrovol’cheskoj armii na Ukraine: k istorii antisemitizma na Ukraine v 1919–1920 gg.) [Pogroms of the Volunteer Army in Ukraine: Towards the History of Anti-Semitism in Ukraine in 1919–1920)] / vstup. st. I. M. Cherikovera. Berlin: Vostochno-evrejskijist. arxiv, 1932. 386+[4] s. (In Russian).
Shtif N. Pogromy na Ukraine: period Dobrovol’cheskoj armii [Pogroms in Ukraine: the period of the Volunteer Army]. Berlin: Izd-vo Vostok, 1922. 96 s. (In Russian).
Shul’gin V. «Chto nam v nix ne nravitsya...»; Ob antisemitizme v Rossii [«What we don’t like about them...»; Anti-Semitism in Russia]. Moskva: Rus. kn., 1994. 448 s. (In Russian).
Shulhyn O. Ukraina i chervonyi zhakh: pohromy v Ukraini [Ukraine and the Red Horror: pogroms in Ukraine] / per. z fr. O. Leontovychta M. Mulovoi-Voitovetskoi; zared. N. Pazuniak. Kyiv: Vyd-voim. O. Telihy, 2001. 104 s. (In Ukrainian).
E’ngel’ V. V. Kurs lekcij po istorii evreev v Rossii [Course of lectures on the history of Jewsin Russia]. 2001. URL: http://jhistory.nfurman.com/ russ/russ001-13.htm (дата обращения: 25.03.2021) (In Russian).
Yakovliv A. Paryzka Trahediia 25 travnia 1926 r. (do protsesu Shvartsbarta) [The Paris Tragedy of May 25, 1926 (before the Schwarzbarttrial)]. Paryzh: Vyd. Komitetu oborony pamiaty S. Petliury ta Komitetu budovy UAPTs khramu sv. Symona v Paryzhi, 1958. 39 s. (In Ukrainian).
