HUMANITARIAN STUDIES: HISTORY AND PEDAGOGY

THE GENESIS OF COGNITIVE WARFARE: HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE AND CONTEMPORARY PARADIGMS

Tetiana BEVZ — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and current state of cognitive warfare as a strategic dimension of global security. In the context of a globalized information society, the author explores how traditional paradigms of conflict are shifting toward a «fifth domain» of warfare where the human mind–both conscious and subconscious–becomes the primary battlefield. The study examines the transformation of communicative processes, where rapid information dissemination and manipulative digital technologies have replaced conventional kinetic force as the most effective means of undermining national sovereignty.

The theoretical framework traces the lineage of cognitive influence from ancient stratagems to modern neuroscience. By analyzing Sun Tzu’s “The Art of War” and the “Thirty-Six Stratagems”, the author demonstrates that contemporary cognitive operations are digital reinterpretations of classical deception and psychological manipulation. The research highlights the technological trajectory that enabled mass cognitive influence, from the printing press to the current era of Artificial Intelligence and social media algorithms.

Special attention is given to the concepts of «intelligentized warfare» and «reflexive control,» which form the basis of what is termed the «war of cogs.» The article analyzes the strategic approaches of global actors, specifically the Russian Federation's use of disinformation to erode social cohesion and the People's Republic of China's integration of AI and neurotechnology to achieve cognitive dominance.

Protecting national identity, historical memory, and social trust against «stratagems of the 21st century» is essential for survival. The paper posits that in the modern era, victory is determined not by territorial conquest, but by the ability to maintain cognitive autonomy and critical thinking in the face of total algorithmic manipulation.

UKRAINIAN DIASPORA IN THE USA: PRESERVING CULTURAL TRADITIONS

Serhii VALCHUK — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The Ukrainian diaspora in the USA is one of the largest and most organized ethnic communities, which plays an important role in preserving national identity and popularizing Ukrainian culture abroad. For over a century, it has contributed to the development of Ukrainian education, art, literature, religious and public life, while adapting to the new socio-economic conditions of American society. The main challenge for Ukrainians in the USA remains the issue of preserving their own cultural identity in the context of globalization and integration into a multinational environment.

The article examines the historical prerequisites for the formation of the Ukrainian community in the USA, its structural features and mechanisms for supporting national traditions. Considerable attention is paid to the activities of Ukrainian public, religious and cultural organizations, which play a key role in preserving the Ukrainian language, traditional holidays, customs and art. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Ukrainian educational institutions, Sabbath schools, as well as cultural centres that ensure the transmission of national heritage to new generations.

An important place in the study is occupied by the analysis of the challenges that the Ukrainian diaspora faced as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war, in particular, the activation of public initiatives aimed at supporting Ukraine, the organization of charitable actions, information campaigns and cultural events that contribute to the preservation of historical memory and national consciousness. Modern forms of cultural volunteering and the influence of digital technologies on the spread of Ukrainian traditions in the USA are considered.

Special attention is paid to modern challenges that arise in the process of integrating a new wave of Ukrainian migrants into the existing diaspora, which requires the adaptation of cultural policy and the development of new mechanisms for interaction between Ukrainian communities in different regions of the USA. The study emphasizes that the preservation of the national identity of Ukrainians in the USA largely depends on effective communication between different generations of the diaspora, support for public initiatives and cooperation with Ukraine. Prospects for further research include the analysis of changes in the structure of the Ukrainian community, the impact of the new wave of emigration on diasporic processes, and the role of social networks in preserving the cultural traditions of Ukrainians abroad.

THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF THE LOSS OF UKRAINE’S HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING THE SECOND WORL WAR

Іhor DATSKIV, Iryna NEDOSHYTKO — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the international dimension of the losses of Ukraine’s cultural heritage during the Second World War. The author examines the scale, nature, and consequences of the destruction and removal of cultural assets, archives, architectural monuments, museum collections, manuscript funds, and works of art that constituted an integral part of both national and European cultural heritage. The study outlines the main directions of the plundering policies pursued by Nazi Germany and Soviet occupation authorities, which led to significant losses of both tangible and intangible values of the Ukrainian people.

Particular attention is paid to the international aspects of the issue – Ukraine’s participation in postwar restitution processes, the work of intergovernmental commissions for the return of cultural property, as well as the contribution of Ukrainian scholars and diplomats to the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. Based on archival sources, international legal acts, and contemporary research, the article traces the development of international legal mechanisms for the protection of cultural property during and after the war (including the 1954 Hague Convention and its Protocols). The author also analyzes Ukraine’s place in these processes within the context of its limited representation in global institutions of that time and the country’s current efforts to document losses and recover displaced cultural artifacts.

The article also reveals the significance of the topic for contemporary historical and cultural discourse, emphasizing that the issue of wartime losses of Ukraine’s cultural heritage possesses not only a historical but also a current political and legal dimension in light of modern challenges associated with new armed conflicts. The study examines the question of international solidarity in the field of cultural property protection and the potential of cultural diplomacy as an instrument of historical justice.

The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes of loss, preservation, and restoration of cultural assets in a global context and help define Ukraine’s place within the international system for the protection of cultural heritage.

UKRAINIAN-TURKISH RELATIONS IN UKRAINIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (LATE 19TH – EARLY 21ST CENTURY): THE EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC APPROACHES

Dmytro KVASOVSKYI — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article offers a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian historiography of Ukrainian-Turkish relations within the chronological framework spanning from the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-first century. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for a theoretical reassessment of the historical interaction between the two states in the context of contemporary geopolitical transformations and the emergence of new strategic vectors of cooperation in the Black Sea region.

The aim of the study is to provide a systematic reconstruction of the scholarly discourse and to identify the principal thematic dominants and conceptual approaches that have emerged within Ukrainian historiography.

The methodological framework of the research is based on the fundamental principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, and systematic approach. The study employs a problem-chronological approach, which makes it possible to trace the dynamics of scholarly interests across different historical periods, as well as comparative-historical analysis to compare the visions and concepts characteristic of particular stages of historiographical development. The use of methods of analysis and synthesis has facilitated the integration of fragmented scholarly works into a coherent picture of the formation of knowledge on Ukrainian–Turkish relations.

The article examines in detail the genesis of scholarly thought, beginning with the classical works of the national revival period, which laid the foundations for understanding Ukraine’s place within the Black Sea space. Particular attention is paid to the period of intensification of Oriental studies in the first half of the twentieth century, when this field underwent institutionalization, including the establishment of the first professional associations and specialized academic journals. The study traces the transformation of scholarly priorities, from the examination of military-political conflicts and Cossack–Ottoman confrontations to a deeper analysis of diplomatic, trade-economic, and socio-cultural relations.

A significant part of the research is devoted to the period following the restoration of Ukraine’s independence, which provided a powerful impetus for liberating academic thought from previous ideological constraints. The article highlights the revival of the national school of Turkology, the expansion of the source base through the incorporation of foreign archival materials, and the application of new methodological approaches. It is concluded that contemporary research demonstrates an increasing interdisciplinary character, where history closely intersects with political science, international relations, and cultural studies. The study concludes by outlining problematic aspects and the most promising directions for further research, contributing to a deeper understanding of the shared historical heritage.

THE UKRAINIAN COMMUNITY IN HUNGARY: INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES BETWEEN 1991 AND 2022

Oleksandr KOLESNYK — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article addresses the complex issue of the formation, development, and transformation of the Ukrainian community in Hungary from the beginning of Ukraine’s independence in 1991 to the eve of the full-scale Russian invasion on February 24, 2022. The study examines the dynamics of the community’s growth, from several hundred individuals in 1991 to nearly ten thousand on the eve of 2022. In this context, the emergence and development of Ukrainian organizations, associations, societies, and unions are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the Ukrainian Cultural Association in Hungary and the State Self-Government of the Ukrainian Nationality, as well as to their role as fundamental institutions of the Ukrainian community in Hungary. Significant emphasis is placed on the figure of Yaroslava Khortyani as a key individual in the establishment, functioning, and systematization of Ukrainian organizations. The article highlights the importance of religion, rituals, traditions, language, and national identity, along with its attributes, within the system of preserving and strengthening the Ukrainian community in Hungary. It also provides a detailed examination of various forms of community activity, ranging from small-scale private celebrations to the lobbying of minority interests by Ukrainian representatives in the Hungarian Parliament. Special attention is given to the establishment of memorial sites by the Ukrainian community across Hungary as a vivid and effective example of community activity and a form of demonstrating Ukrainian presence. The study outlines the paradigm shift in the activities of the Ukrainian community during the events of the Revolution of Dignity (2013–2014) and the onset of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014. The article also highlights initiatives and events that demonstrated unity and friendship between Ukrainians and Hungarians, as well as the interaction between the cultures of both nations. Finally, it identifies the main centers of the Ukrainian community in different regions of Hungary within the context of a unified national community.

CATECHISM IN THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM ITS ORIGINS TO THE MIDDLE AGES

Mykhailo YURIY, Nazariy KHRYSTAN — Fri, 29 May 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the peculiarities of the formation of the catechism, which is a guide that contained the main provisions of the Christian doctrine, set out in an accessible form, often in the form of questions and answers, to encourage new Christians before baptism or for the general education of believers. It is noted that catechisms differ from symbols (confessions) of faith primarily in that they are an oral form of instruction, while a symbol is a written form of confession. In the early Christian era, the main reason for providing the basics of the Christian doctrine was the preparation of adults for baptism. Those who were preparing to receive baptism and partake of the Holy Gifts in the sacrament of the Eucharist needed to gain an idea of the meaning of these sacraments. In addition, it was envisaged to familiarize oneself with the Apostles' Creed or another Creed as the most important statement of the foundations of Christian doctrine, the Lord's Prayer ("Our Father") as an expression of the essence of Christian spirituality, and the Ten Commandments as the main moral guidance for Christians. The confessional distinction of catechism is indicated. The catechism of the Catholic Church is distinguished by the fact that it is not written in a question-and-answer format. Instead, the Catholic catechism is a brief summary of the official teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, including the creed, sacraments, commandments, and prayers. As for the Orthodox catechism, it is an instruction in the Orthodox Christian faith, which is given to a Christian in his devotion to God and the salvation of his soul. It is worth noting that the process of catechization has never been an auxiliary phenomenon in conversion to faith: it has always remained the main task of the Church, aimed at the devotion of the individual to God and the formation of a Christian identity.